So 550 BC means 550 years before Jesus was born And 2000 AD almost means 2000 years after Jesus was born, but AD started at 1 not 0 So, 2 AD is actually 1 Year after Jesus was born And 2000 AD is actually 1999 Years after Jesus was born. But we don't really.

• This practice was first suggested in the sixth century A.D., and was adopted by the pope of that time. It took quite a while for it to become a worldwide standard, however. Russia and Turkey, for example, did not convert to the modern calendar and year scheme until the 20th century.
• A Trip to Josiahland Squeezing the joy from labor's fruit. Skip to primary content. If you want a timeline, the years should be organized in a single row. One thought on “ How to deal with BC and AD dates in Excel or OpenOffice ” Ed on December 23, 2017 at 2:56 pm said.

It goes BC (counts backward) AD (counts forward) normal years(counts forward)

Example: 1000BC... 500BC... 100BC... 5BC... 1AD...100AD... 500AD... 1000AD... (you can probably stop using 'AD'by this point) 1300's... 1900's... 2000's... etc.

What goes first on a timeline BC or AD?

BC comes before AD on a timeline. BC or BCE means before common era, AD means 'In the year of Our Lord.' BC first AD after

What is the difference between BC and AD on a timeline?

BC goes before 0 on the timeline. AD goes after. BC stands for 'before Chris' as if Jesus Chris. becouse it is befor jesus was born. AD stands for after death. i think it is obvious why.

Did Jesus separated AD and BC timeline?

No. When the AD and BC dates were calculated there was an error and it is believed that Jesus was actually born around 4 BC or slightly earlier.

What happened in 0 bc?

Christ was born. Actually, there was no 0 BC. The timeline went from 1 BC to 1 AD.

What is the timeline of Greek history?

The timeline of Greek history begins from 800 BC to 146 BC.

What is the timeline in Cleopatras life?

The timeline in Cleopatra's life runs from 69 BC to 30 BC.

What does BC mean on the timeline?

BC is referred to as before Jesus Christ was supposedly born (Before christ), and AD (Anno domini) is referred to the years since Jesus Christ was supposedly born.

What is earlier 6000 BC or 3000 BC?

6,000 BC is earlier. A timeline works like so: the 'J' represents the birth of Christ, which is the event which separates BC and AD. From the 'J' forward is where we are now. The numbers increase 0 to 2011. From the 'J' backwards the number decreases 0 to (whenever the world began). Therefore 6,000 BC come before 3,000BC. BC_____________________________J___________________________________ AD

When was Augustus caeasar emperor?

Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Augustus was emperor from 30 BC to 14 AD. Windows 10 activation crack download. Augustus was emperor…

They released a new album,, in September, 2009. Upon the release of the new album, they received much mainstream American popularity and were the featured music on on October 12, 2009, as they celebrated. The duo performed an instrumental version of 'Oogie Boogie's Song.' Rodrigo y gabriela albums. Their song 'Santo Domingo' was chosen as the Pick of the Week for November 10, 2009. Of guests on the album, as do.

How do you count BC AD?

The last date of BC was 1 BC, then the first date of AD was 1 AD, there was no zero.

Is ad older then bc?

Okay Will AD is older than BC because AD is very old not like BC

How many years are there between 30 BC and 30 AD and why?

58 years are between 30 BC and AD 30. The first thing you need to remember is that there is no year 0; the year before AD 1 is 1 BC. So the years between 30 BC and AD 30 are.. 29 BC, 28 BC, 27 BC, .., 2 BC, 1 BC, AD1, AD 2, .., AD 27, AD 28, AD 29 29 BC through 1 BC is 29 years, and AD 1 through AD…

What year were planets made?

If you don't take into affect AD and BC, and just think of it as a normal timeline, They were created in the year 0. Once created then time as we know it started.

How many years are between 184 BC and 550 AD?

550 - -184 = 734. However as there was no year 0, 733 years after 184 BC was 550 AD, so there are 732 years between them (the years: 183 BC, 182 BC, .., 2 BC, 1 BC, 1 AD, 2 AD, .., 548 AD, 549 AD).

When did Caesar agustus rule?

Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled from 30 BC to 14 AD. Caesar Augustus ruled…

Is 3000 bc closer to ad or bc?

It isn't a question of closer to ad or bc, it IS bc. 3000bc would be -3000ad.

What happened in the time period between AD and BC?

Nothing. There was no time period between BC and AD. 1 BC was followed by 1 AD. There was no year zero or any gap between BC and AD.

What are these bc dates in order for a timeline 157 bc 135 bc 115bc 104 bc 753 bc 449 bc 437 bc 264 bc 71 bc 63 bc thank you for answering this question?

From the earliest to the latest: 753BC, 449BC, 437BC, 264BC, 157BC, 135BC, 115BC, 104BC, 71BC, 63BC

What does ad and bc?

AD is after death (of Christ) BC is before Christ The modern date starts AD and Hindi BC a difference of 57 years

Did AD come before or after BC?

AD followed BC. BC stood for Before Christ, and AD after him (Anno Domini, 'year of our lord'). Note that this means 1 BC was immediately followed by 1 AD, with no 'zero year' between them.

What was the main capital of Egypt?

This is a list of Egyptian capitals in a chronological order. Thinis (before 2950 BC) the first capital of Upper and Lower Egypt Memphis: (2950 BC - 2180 BC) Herakleopolis: (2180 BC - 2060 BC) Thebes: (2135 BC - 1985 BC) Itjtawy: (1985 BC - 1785 BC) Thebes: (1785 BC - 1650 BC) Xois: (1715 BC - 1650 BC) Avaris: (1650 BC - 1580 BC) Thebes: (1650 BC - c. 1353 BC) Akhetaten: (c. 1353…

How is a plus b over a minus b equals c plus d over c minus d?

(a + b)/(a - b) = (c + d)/(c - d) cross multiply (a + b)(c - d) = (a - b)(c + d) ac - ad + bc - bd = ac + ad - bc - bd -ad + bc = -bc + ad -ad - ad = - bc - bc -2ad = -2bc ad = bc that is the product of the means equals the product of the extremes a/b =…

Which is first ce or bc?

i do not know what Ce is but ad is after BC and the higher the number in BC the longer ago, in ad its the exact opposite. e.g. this was made in 2009 AD

How are BC and AD used?

BC is used to refer to dates before the birth of Jesus and AD to the dates after His birth Answer BC= Before Christ AD= Anno Domini

Does bc or ad come first?

BC comes first because BC means before AD and AD means After something cant really remember LOL! !

Why use ad and bc for Christ?

ad=after death bc=before christ this is how i remember it

When was augustus empire of rome?

Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially emperor of Rome from 30 BC. to 14 AD. Augustus was officially…

Which come first AD or BC on a timeline?

The numbering of the years of the Gregorian calendar is based on an error that was made but never corrected in the calculation of the year of the birth of Jesus, who is believed by a great many to be the Christ, which means the Anointed One. B.C. stands for Before Christ, therefore it's first on the timeline.

What does 'bc' and 'ad' actually mean?

BC: Before Christ AD: Anno Domini (After Christ/Latin) BC stands for 'Before Christ', AD stands for 'Anno Domini' which is medieval latin for 'in the year of (the) Lord' - not After Death! Interestingly, there was no year zero - the calendar goes straight from 1 BC to 1 AD.

Which time period is longer BC or AD?

BC is longer because AD has only had 2009 years, wheras BC has had BILLIONS.

How to calculate years using bc from ac?

Take the BC year and add it to the AD year with present year and bc & ad

What year is it in AD or BC?

AD. BC is before Christ. AD is Anno Domini. though, many just say, After Death.

What is the difference between BC and AD?

BC stands for before Christ and AD stands for after death.

What does BC or AD mean?

I was taught that BC means Before Christ, and AD means After Death.

Which one is first AD or BC?

Alphabetically, AD is first; in terms of time, BC is first.

The terms anno Domini^{[note 1][1][2]} (AD) and before Christ^{[note 2][3][4][5]} (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means 'in the year of the Lord',^[6] but is often presented using 'our Lord' instead of 'the Lord',^[7][8] taken from the full original phrase 'anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi', which translates to 'in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ'.

This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800.^[9][10]

The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today. For decades, it has been the unofficial global standard, adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations.^[11]

Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the 'AD' abbreviation before the year number.^{[note 3]} However, BC is placed after the year number (for example: AD 2019, but 68 BC), which also preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium, as in 'fourth century AD' or 'second millennium AD' (although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions).^[13] Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ, it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death, i.e., after the death of Jesus. However, this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales.^[14]

Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era (abbreviated as CE), with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era (BCE). Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD years.

• 1History
• 8References

History[edit]

The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.^[15] The last year of the old table, Diocletian 247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, AD 532. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year—he himself stated that the 'present year' was 'the consulship of Probus Junior', which was 525 years 'since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ'.^[16] Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus' incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. 'However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date.'^[17]

Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or incarnation. Among the sources of confusion are:^[10]

• In modern times, incarnation is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as Bede, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity.
• The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).
• There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls.
• There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.

It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Jesus was 'about thirty years old' shortly after 'the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar', and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table.^[18][19][20]It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq^[21] that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, it was believed by some that the resurrection of the dead and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world.^[22][23]Anno Mundi 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world^[24] but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius.

Popularization[edit]

Understanding Bc And Ad Timelines

The Anglo-Saxon historian the Venerable Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. In this same history, he also used another Latin term, ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ('in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord's incarnation'), equivalent to the English 'before Christ', to identify years before the first year of this era.^[25] Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus, but 'the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ's conception, i.e., the Annunciation on March 25' (Annunciation style).^[26]

On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century. Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time, but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries.^[27] In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.^[28]Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so, with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century, the term 'Before Christ' (or its equivalent) did not become common until much later. Bede used the expression 'anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam' (so in the year before the incarnation of the Lord) twice. 'Anno an xpi nativitate' (in the year before the birth of Christ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk.^{[note 4]} In 1627, the French JesuittheologianDenis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius in Latin), with his work De doctrina temporum, popularized the usage ante Christum (Latin for 'Before Christ') to mark years prior to AD.^[29][30][31]

New year[edit]

When the reckoning from Jesus' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe, various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year: Christmas, Annunciation, or Easter. Thus, depending on the time and place, the year number changed on different days in the year, which created slightly different styles in chronology:^[32]

Calendar Converter Bc To Ad Timeliness

• From 25 March 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e., notionally from the incarnation of Jesus. That first 'Annunciation style' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century, then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy. It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750.
• From 25 December 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e., notionally from the birth of Jesus. It was called 'Nativity style' and had been spread by Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages. That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France, England and most of western Europe (except Spain) until the 12th century (when it was replaced by Annunciation style), and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century.
• From 25 March 754 AUC (today in AD 1). That second 'Annunciation style' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century, but it was spread by the Cistercians. Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa, so it got the name of calculus florentinus. It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752.
• From Easter, starting in 754 AUC (AD 1). That mos gallicanus (French custom) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus (r. 1180–1223), maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England. However, it never spread beyond the ruling élite.

With these various styles, the same day could, in some cases, be dated in 1099, 1100 or 1101.

Birth date of Jesus[edit]

The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.^[33] The historical evidence is too fragmentary to allow a definitive dating,^[34] but the date is estimated through two different approaches – one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus.^[35][36]

Other eras[edit]

During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era, European countries used various systems to count years. Systems in use included consular dating, imperial regnal year dating, and Creation dating.^{[citation needed]}

Although the last non-imperial consul, Basilius, was appointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I, later emperors through Constans II (641–668) were appointed consuls on the first of January after their accession. All of these emperors, except Justinian, used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign, along with their regnal years.^[37] Long unused, this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI did so in 888.

Another calculation had been developed by the Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400, placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 (Julian)—eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply. Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, years numbered from it, an Era of Incarnation, were exclusively used and are still used in Ethiopia. This accounts for the seven- or eight-year discrepancy between the Gregorian and Ethiopian calendars. Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus the Confessor, George Syncellus, and Theophanes dated their years from Annianus' creation of the world. This era, called Anno Mundi, 'year of the world' (abbreviated AM), by modern scholars, began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC. Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC, the Byzantine Era. No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world. Eusebius of Caesarea in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami).^[38]

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Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era, which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system.^[27]

The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used, officially, by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was also used by the Ethiopian church. Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus, which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears in some medieval manuscripts.

CE and BCE[edit]

Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae (found 1615 in Latin),^[39]'Vulgar Era' (in English, as early as 1635),^[40]'Christian Era' (in English, in 1652),^[41]'Common Era' (in English, 1708),^[42]and 'Current Era'.^[43]Since 1856,^[44] the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE, (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC.

The 'Common/Current Era' ('CE') terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references.^[45][46]For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that 'B.C.E./C.E. …do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D.'^[47] Upon its foundation, the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was 西元 ('xī yuán', 'Western Era'). Later, in 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted 公元 (gōngyuán, 'Common Era') for all purposes domestic and foreign.

No year zero: start and end of a century[edit]

In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars, AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC. There is no year '0' between them, so a new century begins in a year which has '01' as the final digits (e.g., 1801, 1901, 2001). New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001. This is at odds with the common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes (1800, 1900, 2000, etc.); for example, the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year's Eve 1999, when the year number ticked over to 2000.^[9]

For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc.^{[note 5]} In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The word 'anno' is often capitalized, but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative.
2. ^The word 'before' is often capitalized, but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative.
3. ^This convention comes from grammatical usage. Anno 500 means 'in the year 500'; anno domini 500 means 'in the year 500 of Our Lord'. Just as '500 in the year' is not good English syntax, neither is 500 AD; whereas 'AD 500' preserves syntactic order when translated.^[12]
4. ^Werner Rolevinck in Fasciculus temporum (1474) used Anno an xpi nativitatem (in the ..(th) year before the birth of Christ) for all years between creation and Jesus. 'xpi' is the Greek χρι in Latin letters, which is an abbreviation for Christi. This phrase appears upside down in the centre of recto folios (right hand pages). From Jesus to Pope Sixtus IV he usually used Anno Christi or its abbreviated form Anno xpi (on verso folios—left hand pages). He used Anno mundi alongside all of these terms for all years.
5. ^To convert from a year BC to astronomical year numbering, reduce the absolute value of the year by 1, and prefix it with a negative sign (unless the result is zero). For years AD, omit the AD and prefix the number with a plus sign (plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the year is after the year 0).^[48]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

1. ^'anno Domini'. Collins English Dictionary.
2. ^'anno Domini'. American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3. ^'BC'. Collins English Dictionary.
4. ^'before Christ'. American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
5. ^'BC'. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary.
6. ^'Anno Domini'. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2011. Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord
7. ^'Online Etymology Dictionary'. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
8. ^Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, p. 782 'since AD stands for anno Domini, 'in the year of (Our) Lord'
9. ^ ^abTeresi, Dick (July 1997). 'Zero'. The Atlantic.
10. ^ ^abBlackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, pp. 778–9.
11. ^Eastman, Allan. 'A Month of Sundays'. Date and Time. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
12. ^Chicago Manual of Style 2010, pp. 476–7; Goldstein 2007, p. 6.
13. ^Chicago Manual of Style, 1993, p. 304.
14. ^Donald P. Ryan, (2000), 15.
15. ^Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, p. 767.
16. ^Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius Introduction and First Argumentum.
17. ^Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, p. 778.
18. ^Teres, Gustav (October 1984). 'Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus'. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 15 (3). pp. 177–188.
19. ^Tøndering, Claus, The Calendar FAQ: Counting years
20. ^Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford. pp. 345–347.
21. ^Declercq, Georges, 'Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era' Turnhout, Belgium, 2000
22. ^Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006
23. ^Mosshammer, Alden A.: The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 254, p. 270, p. 328
24. ^Declercq, Georges: Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era. Turnhout Belgium. 2000
25. ^Bede 731, Book 1, Chapter 2, first sentence.
26. ^Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, p. 881.
27. ^ ^abPatrick, 1908
28. ^'General Chronology'. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol III. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
29. ^Steel, Duncan (2000). Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar. p. 114. ISBN978-0-471-29827-4. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
30. ^Hunt, Lynn Avery (2008). Measuring time, making history. p. 33. ISBN978-963-9776-14-2. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
31. ^Petau, Denis (1758). search for 'ante Christum' in a 1748 reprint of a 1633 abridgement entitled Rationarium temporum by Denis Petau. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
32. ^C. R. Cheney, A Handbook of Dates, for students of British history, Cambridge University Press, 1945–2000, pp. 8–14.
33. ^Dunn, James DG (2003). 'Jesus Remembered'. Eerdmans Publishing: 324.
34. ^Doggett 1992, p579: 'Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before AD 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating'.
35. ^Paul L. Maier 'The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus' in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN0-931464-50-1 pp. 113–129
36. ^New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN0-310-31201-9 pp. 121–124
37. ^Roger S. Bagnall and Klaas A. Worp, Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt, Leiden, Brill, 2004.
38. ^Alfred von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, F. Ruehl, Leipzig, 1889, p. 433.
39. ^Johannes Kepler (1615). Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum (in Latin). Francofurti : Tampach. Retrieved 18 May 2011. anno aerae nostrae vulgaris
40. ^Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633.. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
41. ^Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year .. : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for .. Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.
42. ^The History of the Works of the Learned. 10. London: Printed for H. Rhodes. January 1708. p. 513. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
43. ^BBC Team (8 February 2005). 'History of Judaism 63BCE–1086CE'. BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011. Year 1: CE – What is nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity
44. ^Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Moss & Brother. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly.
45. ^Robinson, B.A. (20 April 2009). 'Justification of the use of 'CE' & 'BCE' to identify dates. Trends'. ReligiousTolerance.org.
46. ^Safire, William (17 August 1997). 'On Language: B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?'. The New York Times Magazine.
47. ^Cunningham, Philip A., ed. (2004). Pondering the Passion : what's at stake for Christians and Jews?. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193. ISBN978-0742532182.
48. ^Doggett, 1992, p. 579

Sources[edit]

• Abate, Frank R., ed. (1997). Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus. American. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-513097-9.
• Goldstein, Norm, ed. (2007). Associated Press Style Book. New York: Basic Books. ISBN0-465-00489-X.
• Bede. (731). Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum. Accessed 2007-12-07.
• Chicago Manual of Style (2nd ed.). University of Chicago. 1993. ISBN0-226-10389-7.
• Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). University of Chicago. 2010. ISBN0-226-10420-6.
• Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003). The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-214231-3. Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.
• Cunningham, Philip A; Starr, Arthur F (1998). Sharing Shalom: A Process for Local Interfaith Dialogue Between Christians and Jews. Paulist Press. ISBN0-8091-3835-2.
• Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian era. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN2-503-51050-7. (despite beginning with 2, it is English)
• Declercq, G. 'Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era'. Sacris Erudiri 41 (2002): 165–246. An annotated version of part of Anno Domini.
• Doggett. (1992). 'Calendars' (Ch. 12), in P. Kenneth Seidelmann (Ed.) Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. ISBN0-935702-68-7.
• Patrick, J. (1908). 'General Chronology'. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2008-07-16 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm
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• Riggs, John (January 2003). 'Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why?'. United Church News. Retrieved 19 December 2005.
• Ryan, Donald P. (2000). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Biblical Mysteries. Alpha Books. p. 15. ISBN0-02-863831-X.

External links[edit]